UNU-CRIS Working Papers

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The Working Papers Series on Comparative Regional Integration Studies is devoted to the study of regional integration from a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective. It covers theory, empirical work and policy analysis, and includes contributions on the political, economic, social and cultural aspects of co-operation at the level of both macro-regions and micro-regions. While committed to the highest academic standards, the series aims to be accessible to policy-makers and practitioners and seeks to encourage informed debate on comparative regional integration.


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20.01.12

W-2012/2: Analysing the Logic of International Monetary Cooperation in Group-Twenty (G20) Summits

By: Konstantinos Hazakis

In the aftermath of the global economic crisis, much attention was given to the necessity for reforms. In contrast to the Bretton Woods era, the world economy has developed in a much more ad hoc and unplanned way, which from an institutional point of view involves high transaction costs, systemic uncertainty and coordination challenges. The key question we address is whether informal institutions like the Group of Twenty states, (G20), are likely to provide genuine mechanisms for the resolution of inadequacies in the provision of global public goods as well as instruments to face systemic crises. 

The main argument is that the G20 does not give expression to more explicitly political considerations that inevitably surround regulatory issues and for this reason it is not, (in its current form), a highly useful framework within which to examine the dynamics of international economic policy cooperation.

The study uses the methodological tools of institutional theory, concentrating on the inefficiency of G20 to create new rules in the international financial system. The latter consists of a set of multilateral agreements, principles, norms, shared understandings and interconnected international groupings which shape transnational economic transactions. It is evident that the G20 targets the network qualities of current global financial governance and is not capable in implementing structural reforms in global economic decision-making. 

The paper is organised in the following way. First, it provides an overview of the academic literature on the logic of monetary cooperation. Second, it explores the pillars of G20’s cooperation and its contribution in economic actors learning and adjustment process. Finally, the research turns to policy recommendations underlining the need for restructuring global economic policy and systemising the provision of global public economic goods.

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O-2006/26: Trade Liberalization Indexes and the Evaluation of Preferential Trade Agreements. A Note on Ruiz Estrada

The author critically evaluates the proposal for a new analytical model aimed atevaluating ex ante the conditions to form free trade areas among groups of countries(the Trade Liberalization Evaluation –TLE- Methodology, see Ruiz...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde [more]

O-2006/25: Human Security in Central America

The assessment of human security (HS) challenges and prospects in Central America (CA) presents acomplex and contradictory picture. The region has been quite tumultuous during the past three decades,and the legacy of war, social...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde and Matthew Norton [more]

O-2006/24: Vlaanderen en de Benelux: Elementen voor een toekomstvisie

Deze tekst presenteert een samenvatting van een onderzoek uitgevoerd door de Universiteitvan de Verenigde Naties (UNU-CRIS; Brugge) en het Instituut voor Internationaal Recht vande KUL. Het onderzoek liep van 1 januari 2005 tot...
By: Jan Wouters et al. [more]

O-2006/23: Regional Cooperation in the Area of Culture: The Promotion of Human Security and Development

The paper examines the relationships between culture and regional cooperation/integration and theirimplications for human security and development. While culture can be the content of regionalcooperation, regional cooperation and...
By: Nikki Slocum-Bradley [more]

O-2006/22: Disproportionality Measures of Concentration, Specialization, and Polarization

This paper extends the methodological toolbox of measures of the regional concentrationof industries and the industrial specialization of regions. It, first, defines the class of disproportionalitymeasures of concentration and...
By: Frank Bickenbach and Eckhardt Bode [more]

O-2006/21: The EU's Preferences for Multilateralism; A SWOT Analysis of EU/UN Relations

This paper aims to present an overview of the EU-UN relations and map the actualand possible EU-UN relationships and their implications for global governance. First,a general overview is presented of how the EU and the UN...
By: Luk Van Langenhove, Isabella Torta and Tania Felicio [more]

O-2006/20: Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building in the Regional Context - UNU-CRIS/DPA Seminar Report

On 28 and 29 April 2006, the United Nations University Programme on comparative RegionalIntegration Studies (UNU-CRIS) and the United Nations Department for Political Affairs (UNDPA)convened a seminar to consider the evolving...
By: Tania Felicio [more]

O-2006/19: Do South-South Trade Agreements Increase Trade? Commodity-Level Evidence from COMESA

South-South trade agreements are proliferating: Developing countries signed 70 newagreements between 1990 and 2003. Yet the impact of these agreements is largely unknown.In this paper, we focus on the static effects of...
By: Ana Maria Mayda and Chad Steinberg [more]

O-2006/18: Assessing RTAs in the Context of the Flying Geese Framework

Historical evidence suggests that development and trade are co-varying variables. Whichone leads the other is the big question that has been debated at length in political economy.Trade isolated as an end in itself had never been...
By: Emel Memis and Manuel F. Montes [more]

O-2006/17: Order in World Politics - An Inquiry into the Concept, Change and the EU's Contribution

This paper examines how the EU as an international actor contributed to the creation andsustenance of order in world politics since the end of the Cold War. To this end, it advancesan operationalization of order that takes the...
By: Erwin van Veen [more]

O-2006/16: Measuring Trade Diversion - the Case of Russian Exports in the Advent of EU Enlargement

This paper is an attempt to assess the possible trade diversion from the Russian Federation causedby the 2004 EU enlargement to 10 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). Left out ofthe club, Russia has been confronted...
By: Aurora Mordonu [more]

O-2006/15: Globalisation and the Knowledge-Based Society; Where does Europe Stand in Comparison to Other Regional Areas?

Economically, the last fifty years, the world has witnessed an unparalleled growth andtransformation. Economic development has been spurred by the opening up and ensuingexpansion of world trade and the dramatic reduction in...
By: Luc Soete [more]

O-2006/14: The European Union and Social Policy: An Innovative Approach to Regional Integration?

The social dimension of European Union has sometimes mockingly been called the'Cinderella' of integration as a way of signaling its lowly status and the lack of regardin which it is held in the European family. Strangely, the...
By: Monica Threlfall [more]

O-2006/13: Social Dimensions of Regional Integration - A High Level Symposium: Conclusions

The aim of this symposium was to analyse the social dimensions of regionalintegration policies. It was suggested that policy orientated social science could helpidentify the potential advantages for countries of taking further...
By: Bob Deacon, Nicola Yeates and Luk Van Langenhove [more]

O-2006/12: Legitimisation and Expressions of Identity and Attitude: A Discursve Approach

This paper explores the nature of and relationship between ‘identities’ and‘legitimacy’. First, an analytical distinction is made between expressions of identityand expressions of attitudes about Europe and the European Union. A...
By: Nikki Slocum-Bradley [more]

O-2006/11: CSME and the Intra Regional Migration of Nurses: Some Proposed Opportunities

Caricom as a small regional trading agreement is characterised by economies withdiffering degrees of development. This paper reviews the differing economic attributesof these various Caricom states and then discusses in detail...
By: Roger Hosein and Clive Thomas [more]

O-2006/10: The New Regionalism in Latin America and the Role of the US

In this article, the authors analyse the characteristics of the new regionalism in LatinAmerica since the late eighties. It is shown that, on the one hand, it is related to theconsiderable multiplication of the number of regional...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde and Luis Jorge Garay [more]

O-2006/9: Benelux Revisited

With the support of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Luxembourg, theLuxembourg Institute for European and International Studies (LIEIS) and theClingendael Institute of International Relations convened a seminar on...
By: Adrian Pabst [more]

0-2006/8: EU Policies towards the Colombian Conflict: Policy Coordination and Interregionalism

Mainly since the mid-1990s, the international community set its eyes on theColombian conflict. The growing interest relates to a series of factors, includingchanges in the international political agenda, a renewed interest of the...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde, Geert Haghebaert, Socorro Ramirez and An Vranckx [more]

O-2006/7: On the Joint Assessment of Andean Integration in EU-CAN Relations

Following the EU-Latin America and Caribbean Summit of Heads of States and Government, held in Guadalajara in May 2004, it was agreed that the start of negotiations on an Association Agreement between the EU and CAN would be...
By: Ernoko Adiwasito, Philippe De Lombaerde and Giulia Pietrangeli [more]

O-2006/6: Globalism, Regionalism and Social Policy: Framing the Debate

First let us define social policy. Social policy may be defined in a number ofways that complement each other. Broadly speaking, it refers to “collectiveinterventions directly affecting transformation in social welfare,...
By: Nicola Yeates and Bob Deacon [more]

O-2006/5: The Ascent of Regional Integration

Globalization is one of the major phenomena challenging the existing worldorder based upon sovereign states. Societies are more and more confrontedwith global issues linked to international trade and development, environmentand...
By: Luk Van Langenhove, Isabella Torta and Ana-Cristina Costea [more]

O-2006/4: A Social Charter for the ASEAN? Deepening Integration by Regionalizing Labor Solidarity and Social Standards

The number of migrant labor in the ASEAN, predominant in low-skilled work and manyof whom are undocumented, reaches two-three million workers in the big receivingcountries of Thailand and Malaysia alone. Increased FDI flows are...
By: Jenina Joy Chavez [more]

O-2006/3: On the Nature of Globalization and its Measurement. Some Notes on the A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index and the CSGR Globalisation Index

Globalization is one of the most important processes involving contemporaryhumanity, and, significantly, for at least fifteen years it has been one of the phenomena mostthoroughly studied by the social sciences. Not surprisingly,...
By: Marco Caselli [more]

O-2006/2: The Role of Regional Integration in the Promotion of Peace and Security

This paper explores the relationships between peace, security and regional integration,presents current global developments and challenges on regional and globalapproaches to peace and security, and recommends concrete measures...
By: Nikki Slocum-Bradley and Tania Felicio [more]

O-2006/1: Region and Region Building in the Middle East - Problems and Prospects

The paradox of the Middle East has been captured by its description as ‘a regionwithout regionalism’ (Aarts, 1999). Despite the intensification of regionalism acrossthe globe over the past two decades, the Middle East has been...
By: Bezen Balamir Coskun [more]

O-2005/21: Regionalisation and Responses to Armed Conflict, with Special Focus on Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping

Regionalisation is the process through which governmental polities, civic society andthe corporate sector share interests and combine resources to agreed common ends atthe regional, as distinct from the national or global, level....
By: Kennedy Graham [more]

O-2005/20: Reconciling Regionalism and Multilateralism - Towards Multilevel Governance

Much ink has flowed on the question of the relationship between regionalism andmultilateralism. There is still, however, no definitive answer. So the debate goes on. Isregionalism a substitute or a complement to multilateralism?...
By: Brigid Gavin [more]

O-2005/19: Managing Security as a Regional Public Good; A Regional-Global Mechanism for Security

Recent decades have seen a fast growth in regional and sub-regional organisations, together with a(slower) increasing recognition by the international community of the need for greater involvement ofregional agencies in peace and...
By: Tania Felicio [more]

O-2005/18: The Role of Regional Agreements in Trade and Investment Regimes

Two themes have been central to recent work on international trade and investmentagreements; the scope and legitimacy of the WTO, in particular with regard to the so-calledbehind the border issues, and the growth of regional...
By: Steve Woolcock [more]

O-2005/17: Understanding Regional Peace and Security: A Framework for Analysis

We live in a disarranged world. In a world population of 6.1 billion people, the richest 20 percent have 74 percent of the world income, while the poorest 20 percent onlyhave 2 percent of it. In 2000, more than 1 billion people...
By: Rodrigo Tavares [more]

O-2005/16: Monitoring Regional Integration in the Caribbean and the Role of the EU

Regional integration processes are complex social processes; they are expressions ofworldwide and long-term trends towards larger scales and higher levels of mobility inhuman activity, and – it is believed – they have the...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde [more]

O-2005/15: Regionalism as a Political Vision - Possibilities and Limits of the Global Approach to the Issues of Regional Integration

If one looks to the world from an international relations’ perspective, it is tempting toanalyse the present situation in terms of a clash between the advocates ofmultilateralism and those that foster bilateralism. The former...
By: Luk Van Langenhove [more]

O-2005/14: The EU as a Global Actor and the Emergence of 'Third Generation' Regionalism

After a first generation of regionalism that focussed primarily upon trade andeconomic integration, a second generation – often referred to as ‘new regionalism’ –broadened integration to internal policies and regulations. Today,...
By: Luk Van Langenhove and Ana-Cristina Costea [more]

O-2005/13: Inter-regionalism and the Future of Multilateralism

In this paper it will be argued that we are currently witnessing a transition from theclassical Westphalian world order to a world order where regions – next to states –play a central role and where processes of regional...
By: Luk Van Langenhove and Ana-Cristina Costea [more]

O-2005/12: Global and Regional Mechanisms of Disaster Risk Reduction and Relief: Review, Evaluation, Future Directions of Integration

The destructive earthquake and tsunami crisis that have dramatically stroke the South of Asia on the 26th of December 2004 have brought into question the creation of a regional tsunami warning systemin the Indian Ocean. This...
By: Ana-Cristina Costea and Tania Felicio [more]

O-2005/11: Globalizing Regionalism: Harnessing Regional Organizations to Meet Global Threats

Post-Cold War uncertainties about the future global threats have faded over the past fewyears. Terrorism, organized crime, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction,HIV/AIDS, pandemic diseases, weak states, and conflicts over...
By: Kati Suominen [more]

O-2005/10: Las Relaciones Unión Europea ? América Latina en los Últimos Diez Años: El Resultado de La Inexistencia de Una Política. Un análisis empírico y esperanzado

La Unión Europea (UE) es un animal político único en la historia y engendra unsistema de relaciones exteriores también sin equivalente. Como en muchasocasiones se piensa y se discute, equivocadamente, dicho sistema como si fuera...
By: Ramon Torrent and José Ramón Francia [more]

O-2005/9: Latinoamerica y la unión europea en un mundo de arenas movedizas; Aportes al análisis del estado actual y del futuro de las relaciones económicas birregionales

La idea de una asociación estratégica entre los países de América Latina y la Unión Europea, tiene unode sus pilares centrales en el desarrollo de un marco que permita profundizar las relaciones económicas birregionales. Al...
By: Félix Peña [more]

O-2005/8: EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements and Development: The Crucial Role of Institutional Capacity Building

The European Union (EU) is the most important trading partner of the African,Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, absorbing more than one third of their total exports in 2002. Between 1975 and 2000 trade relations between the...
By: Geert Laporte [more]

O-2005/7: The European Present as World History

The task of analysing European society may be approached from many angles. Theone chosen here is a global comparative perspective, an effort to step outside thetempting but myopic and often misleading familiarity of inside...
By: Göran Therborn [more]

O-2005/6: Preferential Rules of Origin: Models and Levels of Rulemaking

It has been argued that the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) since the 1990s has beenaccompanied by the design and implementation of less transparent, more restrictive and oftendivergent rules of origin (ROs)....
By: Luis Jorge Garay and Philippe De Lombaerde [more]

O-2005/5: Trade and Infrastructure: Evidences from the Andean Community

This paper analyses the role of infrastructure on the Andean Community trade patterns. Three distinct but related gravity models of bilateral trade are used. The first model aims at identifying the importance of the Preferential...
By: Gina E. Acosta Rojas, Germán G. Calfat & Renato G. Flôres Jr. [more]

O-2005/4: El Impacto Economico de un Acuerdo Parcial de Libre Comercio entre Colombia y Estados Unidos

The authors present a quantitative evaluation of the possible effects of a partial free tradeagreement (FTA) with the US on the Colombian economy. For this purpose, a generalequilibrium model is used representing the functioning...
By: Clara Patricia Martin and Juan Mauricio Ramirez [more]

O-2005/3: El nuevo regionalismo en América Latina

Al iniciar el siglo XXI, el regionalismo latinoamericano se encuentra en un punto crítico queno permite visualizar fácilmente su futuro. Diferentes escenarios parecen posibles. Variasnegociaciones, en diferentes niveles y que...
By: Philippe De Lombaerde [more]

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United Nations University Institute - Comparative Regional Integration Studies
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Email: pvantorre@cris.unu.edu